Perspectives of Innovations For Economics and Business

Question: Shows the capacity to fundamentally analyze as well as assess the utilization of execution destinations and improve results. Exhibits that you have counseled generally utilizing fitting sources and guides to prove your contentions. Utilization of pertinent scholarly models ought to be obvious however not really express. Makes determinations or potentially give suggestions to progress. ? Answer: Presentation: So as to maintain a refined and productive business and to pick up the upper hand of the commercial center, requesting the business targets for the association is the most fundamental methodology. Execution of the association uplifts the business procedure which actually throws its effect on direction of exchanging (Miller, 2012). As indicated by the necessities of the commercial center, an association needs to build up its hierarchical direction which helps in dealing with the activities. In this ebb and flow research work the analyst is going to concentrate on the operational procedure kept up by Commonwealth Bank of Australia. The analyst will additionally distinguish the exhibition goals that appear to be kept up and followed by this specific association. A Brief Overview of Commonwealth Bank of Australia: Province Bank of Australia being started from Australia works its business in various mainlands over the globe. Alongside the monetary obligations, the bank is additionally capable of performing retailing business, helping protection to the everyday citizens, supporting superannuation and distinctive different obligations. The bank likewise ties up with different auxiliaries of various nations. In the time of 2013, Commonwealth Bank makes a benefit of $7.677 billon by working its business over the globe (CommBank Blog, 2015). The bank is having around 44,500 representatives under a similar umbrella (Fsi.gov.au, 2015). Lenka et al. (2010) has called attention to that among the few residential banks working their business over the Australian mainland Commonwealth Bank had topped them in 2013 according to the client by letting National Australia Bank to linger behind. The bank plays out its business inherently. The bank is having the biggest on the web and ATM administration offices in Australia. Basically Analyzing the Groups Impacted by Performance Objectives: Distinguishing proof of the business goals and deciding the presentation destinations in that manner is the most indistinguishable factor which helps in dealing with the hierarchical morals. The exhibition goals are the indispensable elements which assume a huge job in building up the extensive market also. An association is mindful of dealing with the strategical characteristics of various personals which discovers the exhibition the board (Miller, 2012). Execution destinations are created being founded on some key and explicit purposes of duties that an association organizes for every single worker which is by all accounts the combinatorial methodology of satisfying the hierarchical objectives necessities. Federation Bank additionally assumes a crucial job in this methodology. As an association needs to care for its partners, it must be a basic trait which helps in the hierarchical turn of events. Baronene (2010) has recognized the exhibition goals in regard of activity and enthusiasm of the authoritative morals, into some particular gatherings who are should have been sophistically disparaged by an association: Customer centered, Supplier centered, Shareholder centered, Employee centered and Society centered targets. Republic Bank of Australia appears to have concentrated on every one of these perspectives which appear to have empowered the association to accomplish a massive achievement in the commercial center. In the accompanying area the analyst will examine pretty much these methodologies applied by Commonwealth Bank. Client Focused: The clients for an association are the most fundamental part for an association, focusing on whom an association interests for additional improvement in the commercial center. As indicated by the interest of the clients or the commercial center an association needs to build up its systems to serve them. Federation Bank lets its clients most noteworthy measure of payout under the term statement which without a doubt is high and harmonious in correlation with different banks. It has the biggest number of ATMs over Australian mainland which let the clients to make the exchange simpler. Broad on the web and versatile financial offices are additionally a colossal methodology which causes Commonwealth Bank to be clients most loved decision. Then again, the bank let its workers consistently prepared in the legitimate assistance of the clients. Encouraging the clients decision and achieving the ways to deal with satisfy them makes Commonwealth Bank inventive. In fact the bank is extremely so lid to support the clients. Provider Focused: Providers assume a compelling job in the improvement of an association. Following the flexibly chain the executives, as increased by Martnez Garca and Martnez Caro (2010), is the most convulsive methodology o be overseen by the association. Deciding how the flexibly is performed and how the provider can profit the administration, provider ascribes appear to holistically affect it. Among the operational traits for Commonwealth Bank flexibly chain is a strategic methodology. Financial specialists are capable of giving a progression of cash to Commonwealth Bank (Teng et al. 2010). The methodologies of them are basically valued by the bank. Investor Focused: So as to keep up the progression of the cash investors are should have been overseen by the association who keeps the cash streaming and let the association to be progressively steady in the commercial center. It additionally let to accomplish the business solidarity for the association also. District Bank of Australia additionally gives off an impression of being indistinguishable in this methodology which let the investors appreciate its wealth. The investors, as remarked by Gonzlez Benito (2010), are additionally viewed as the providers of the association who should be disparaged by Commonwealth Bank by giving profit time to time. A report of Meyer (2011) shows that Commonwealth Bank consistently let its investors refreshed about its methodologies of hierarchical power and its speculations which let it to be kept its financial procedure created. Representative Focused: Representatives are called to be the diamond for an association. Jamal and Malik (2010) have expressed fundamentally representatives are the wheels for the development of the association. Along these lines, it is normal that the association will likewise be faithful to its representatives and give them a complex climate to work with force. To Commonwealth Bank, the estimation of the workers is actually characteristic. Representatives are left to work in a cordial climate and apply their best abilities for the improvement of the association. So as to give an advanced client care by Commonwealth Bank, workers are additionally given preparing (Kontes, 2010). Simultaneously, in light of the presentation of the workers they are given evaluations time to time by pay climb, assignment increment, visiting and others. The steadfastness of the representatives for the advancement of Commonwealth Bank is likewise notice commendable. Society Focused: Baskar and Ramesh (2010) are of this view an association gathers its staples and food from the general public it abides in, it has the social obligations to be satisfied. The majority of the monetary union is overseen in the association by social ethnicities. This outcomes in producing a far reaching type of development. For Commonwealth Bank, social obligations are actually huge. The bank helps the social firms to be created. It offers the money related help to the various associations to grow up. Now and again the bank is in joint endeavor with the various organizations to let the authoritative picture keep clear and feasible. Execution Objectives of Commonwealth Bank: For Commonwealth Bank there are some particular hierarchical execution targets are recognized which helps in run of the mill improvement of the association morals. Meyer (2011) has been basic so as to determine these goals as, as indicated by him, these are the most indistinguishable methodologies which prepares of advancement for an association in the commercial center and improves an extension to be esteemed with monetary advantages. He has referenced a portion of the properties, for example, quality, speed, adaptability, cost and trustworthiness. In the accompanying segment the analyst expresses these methodologies extravagantly having been alluded to Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Quality: Nature of administration gave to the clients by the association is the most fundamental methodology that is should have been referenced. Quality goes under the covering of item or administration which is without a doubt should have been complex in the methodologies (Reece, 2010). What is greater quality produces confidence in the psyche of the client who really is dependable of making a decision about it. Zo et al. (2010) states if the nature of the item/administration conciliates ones necessities, it is certain, it is alluded to the others too which is only having a chain response of accomplishing market force. As there are a few elective ways are available to the clients, if the quality isn't fit, the client looks for the other alternative (Lenka et al. 2010). For Commonwealth Bank administration is quality arranged. For letting the clients progressively entranced and joined, Commonwealth Bank has made the exchange simple and versatile. Zo et al. (2010) is of this view well-to-do portable and web banking administration has expanded the absolute number of clients in 2012 by 35% which is inherently merely serious for Commonwealth Bank. As per the necessities of the market, Commonwealth Bank draws up the methodologies and market direction. Simultaneously it likewise encourages Commonwealth Bank to increase upper hands too. Speed: The reaction to the client

Catcher in the Rye Symbolism

The Dangers of Isolation in The Catcher in the Rye It is ordinary to need to escape from the entirety of the issues of the world, however it isn't typical to need to be totally detached from individuals. Holden needed to have no human contact what so ever, and that isn't typical. All through the book Holden communicates a defiant disposition toward the world, and this insubordinate mentality originates from his fixation on being separated from everyone else. He secludes himself from the world since he has not yet gotten himself and is looking. Holden feels that he should get himself alone with nobody else's assistance. Holden communicates his insubordinate side when he gets kicked out of school, once more. Holden doesn't care for school since he doesn't care for doing exercises that he becomes irritated for and sees no reason for doing them. Holden likewise is insubordinate in the manner that he smokes and beverages when he is a minor. He is an unreasonable smoker and goes to liquor to stifle his sentiments of sorrow, which are indications of liquor abuse. This conduct isn't incredible, yet is uncommon for a 16-year-old to turn into a heavy drinker. From this defiant mentality Holden gets secluded from everyone around him. His first demonstration of seclusion with a mix of disobedience is when Holden doesn't go to the game in the start of the book. Everybody would have been there and he wouldn't like to resemble every other person. Getting kicked out of school is another case of him revolting and the reason for it being seclusion. After he leaves Pency, Holden gets together with an old companion of his, Sally. In the wake of spending time with her for some time Holden inquires as to whether she needs to flee with him. From this we discover that he wants to escape from the world. From this statement that Holden said we can advise the amount he needs to flee, â€Å"I figured what I'd do was, I'd imagine I was one of those hard of hearing quiets. That way I wouldn't must have any god dam moronic futile discussions with anyone. On the off chance that anyone needed to disclose to me something, they'd need to compose it on a bit of paper and push it over to me. They'd get exhausted as hellfire doing that sooner or later, and afterward I'd be through with having discussions for the remainder of my life†(p 198). After being kicked out of school, Holden chooses to go on a little excursion. In this brief timeframe Holden experiences numerous tribulations. To get here and there Holden takes taxis. During these rides Holden inquires as to whether they know where the ducks go when the lake freezes over. The responses from the taxi drivers are distinctive each time, however his common worry about the ducks is by all accounts emblematic of Holden's longing for reason and heading. While he is without anyone else, Holden doesn't remain in one spot for exceptionally long. He didn't have a clue where to go next simply as he didn't have the foggiest idea where his life was going. During his time without anyone else, Holden envisions turning into a hard of hearing quiet and fleeing. Holden needs to utilize his creative mind to feel increasingly associated with the world and his feelings. He does this on the grounds that in his dreamland he can control what occurs and, all things considered, he needed to do likewise. Towards the finish of the book, Holden loses increasingly more of his feeling of the real world. In the event that he had remained on this way he would have lost all feeling of the real world. These sentiments that Holden had were each the reason for themselves. He propped up around in a dangerous and ineffective cycle, which would be difficult to break. Toward the finish of the book, Holden didn't ride the carousel since he needed to break that cycle. He needed to be there for his sister and see her grow up. He needed to be a piece of life, and the world. So as to do that he would require some assistance, and the psychological medical clinic was the ideal spot for the sort of help Holden required.

Co-founder of Think.iT, Mehemed Bougsea 17, Shares His Entrepreneurial Journey COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Co-founder of Think.iT, Mehemed Bougsea ‘17, Shares His Entrepreneurial Journey COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Mehemed Bougsea MPA-DP 17 is transforming Tunsias tech sector with his start-up  Think.iT. Bougsea founded Think.iT after many years of desiring equality in tech markets across different countries. Growing up between Libya and Germany, Mehemed saw the vast difference in openings for jobs in the tech sector. He saw this as an injustice to gifted and skilled young STEM students, who had immense potential for success but who lacked the qualifications to meet the demand for lucrative jobs in the field. Think.iT is based in Tunisia where 57 percent of the workforce is unemployed and where the local economy cannot produce jobs in the fields to match the talent of the workforce. Think.iTs programs focus on training young students on newer technologies such as AI, Cloud, and Blockchain, to ensure that graduates are prepared to address todays most prevalent and pressing problems. At SIPA, Mehemed was a Ipek Cem Taha and Shwan Ibrahim (2015-2016) and SIPA Fund Fellow (2016-2017). Click here to learn more about  Mehemeds ethos and entrepreneurial journey. The 2019 SIPA application is open, so keep up with our Admissions Blog here for application tips over the next few months. You can learn more about the MPA in Development Practice program here.

Benefits And Risks Of Communicating Dannon s Csr At The...

Introduction The Dannon Company is a story of company that did not know what to do with itself. The company wanted to promote its corporate social responsibility (CSR), but did not know how or where to do so. Question arose on whether or not the company wanted to promote CSR communications. Dannon s management team was at a precipice, but how should the company get across? Michael Neuwirth, senior director of public relations for Dannon, was considering what part the company s CSR could act, if any, in the company s advancement (Marquis et al, 2011). This paper s intention is to analyze both the benefits and risks of communicating Dannon s CSR to the public forum on a larger scale, as well as the role of the parent company, Danone. Additionally, this paper will suggest a communication strategy which, I would propose, would fall in line with the company s vision and history of CSR. To Communicate or Not to Communicate? Dannon s CSR focused on three aspects—nutrition and health, people, and nature (Marquis et al, 2011). Despite its efforts, Dannon was not known for its CSR directives. The company s CSR history was mostly internal—not well known to consumers—and a stark contrast to the company s major competitor Yoplait, celebrated for its annual â€Å"Save Lids to Save Lives† campaign (Marquis et al, 2011). Contemplating on the direction Dannon should take, if any, Neuwrith sought council from company stakeholders (Marquis et al, 2011). The responses

Feminism And The Feminist Movement - 1451 Words

What is Feminism? According to the English Dictionary, Feminism is a doctrine advocating social, political, and economic equality for all sexes. For the last 100 years men and women had fought tirelessly for equality of the sexes. The Women’s Liberation Movement, also known as the Feminist Movement made aggressive changes in the history of women oppression in society. This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh, she shall be called a women, so God created man in his own image. â€Å"Genesis 1:26-27. Aristotle states â€Å"the female is female by virtue of certain lack of qualities†. Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher says â€Å"Women are God’s second mistake.† Since the beginning of creation women had been view as inferior to men. All of these men believe that a woman needs to be protected at all times. Once she born her father must protect her, and at the beginning of womanhood she must marry and be protected by her husband. These ideologi es are the foundation of women oppression. Men and women around the world fought through different campaigns for reform on various issues such as political and property right, sexual and reproductive right, and rights economic independences and political power. First Wave The first wave of the feminist movement occurs between the 19th through the 20th centuries, and they fought for more opportunity for women and focused on women suffrage. Women were forcefully giving as brides and expected to obey their husbands. They had no say over whatShow MoreRelatedFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesThe feminist movement came to fruition during the early 20th century. Over all, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsectionRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe feminist movement has transformed over the past century through the strength of thousands of women who were willing to put their lives and reputations on the line to fight against social injustice. The feminist movement has a common theme: rights and respect for women. However, it’s goals, methods and conceptions of who is included under the identity â€Å"feminist† has evolved considerably since the 19th century. The U.S. feminist movement’s objectives have progressed from prioritizing legislationRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement924 Words   |  4 Pagesplaylist I chose to focus on an overall theme of Feminism and the impact that women in popular music have through music. A feminist supports the ideals for equal rights for women. They share a common goal to achieve equal political, econ omic, personal, social and cultural rights. The women music genre emerged during the second-wave feminist movement. Women artists have taken to the music industry to express the idea of women rights through a feminist movement. This playlist includes eight songs from today’sRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagescreated works that were completely original, and treated everyone with respect, dignity, and authenticity. Roxane Gay’s â€Å"Bad Feminist: Take One† ruminates on the authenticity of feminist identity constructed on principles of â€Å"essential feminism.† Ultimately, Gay arrives at the conclusion that narrowly constructed and rigidly defined fundamentals or â€Å"essentials† of feminism conflict with the complexities of womanhood and lead to an inauthentic (and unacceptable) identity. Gay advocates that genderRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement1110 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Fayson English 1102 Professor Williams I Spy Feminism In today’s society if we asked people the first thing that came to their mind when they heard the word equality, my bet is that not many of them would say something along the lines of male versus female. Females before, during, and after the feminist movement have been subject to discrimination because of what doesn’t lie in between their legs. Females are often steered away from the things they enjoy doing simply because it may seemRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement910 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism is a movement that I have never really claimed myself to be a part. I have nothing against those who want to stand for what they believe in, but I think there’s a way it should be done. Feminism is something that I have questioned a lot and have looked into. I am completely for women feeling empowered; however, I find many things that I disagree with when it comes to the feminist movement. I’ve listed five of them: 1. Feminists tend to paint the picture like men are the only problem. ItRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesAt its very core, the feminist movement aims to create gender equality. However on the individual level, feminism becomes a lot more nuanced, as feminists come from many different backgrounds, have many different experiences, and identify themselves in many different ways. Feminism is a movement for everyone, not just women, as it also addresses many other issues as a result of intersecting identities. Although gender equality seems like a logical enough goal, many people are afraid to identify specificallyRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement1006 Words   |  5 Pages Early feminism was typically focused only on white women, likely because racism was still extremely prominent at the time feminism began emerging. It was not until Kimberlà © Crenshaw introduced the term â€Å"intersectionality† in 1989 that feminism started to look at oppressed group’s needs (Nash, 2008, 2). Intersectionality is a way of thinking that acknowledges that when a person has identities that belong to more than one oppressed group, it impacts their quality of life more negatively. In this paperRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement1304 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rise of the feminist movement there have been many significant advances toward women gaining equality in all aspects of life. Media has a strong influence on society and it is continuously educating, informing and conditioning how humans behave and display themselves. With the media endorsing so many hyper sexualized images of men and women, it is very unlikely that these ideas would render no i mpact on our sense of identity. Feminism is a social principle and political movement mostly based onRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Movement1553 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Feminist battled for decades to†¦ wrest power from men, Congratulations men, you won.† After comments like this how do you not ask yourself if there is still a need for a feminist movement throughout the country? Although it is now 2015, women still must put up a fight for equality. Males and females are constantly being compared in society. Especially at work, whether it is by earning less, or being subjected to an unfavorable environment, women are still seen as inferior to men, even if it is not

History of Native Americans in the United States Free Essays

Native Americans passed their history from generation to generation using myths, creation stories, tales, legends and songs. Native American oral history is the beginning of literature in early America. The first written literature in pre-colonial America consisted of poems, journals, letters, sermons and accounts written by early explorers, settlers, and religious people seeking wealth and religious freedom in America. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Native Americans in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now These early written works were significantly influenced by British writers. Early American literature contains many elements, but religion was the major theme in the writings of the early Americans. The Puritans wrote in Puritan â€Å"plain-style† and their literary works conveyed the strong Puritan belief that God dictated every facet of their lives. The literature of this time reflected the Puritan’s strong belief in virtue and sin, punishment and Godly rewards. William Bradford was a deeply religious man who, after arriving in America, on the Mayflower, was elected to serve as governor of Plymouth in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Bradford wrote the first history of the Plymouth colony, Of Plymouth Plantation, in 1651. This early writing told of the Massachusetts Bay Colony settlement and included elements of fear, conflict and the struggle for survival, the colonists faced in America. Bradford wrote about the initial relief the Puritans felt when the Mayflower landed on American soil for the first time, after the long and miserable journey across the Atlantic Ocean. Being thus arrived in a good harbor, and brought safe to land, they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven who had brought them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them from all the perils and miseries thereof, again to set their feet on the firm and stable earth, their proper element (â€Å"Early Americas Digital Archive† 2003). The Puritans realized immediately they were completely unequipped to survive, having arrived in the winter. They had little food and skills, no shelter and were overwhelmed with fear at the first sight of Native Americans. Bradford wrote that the colonists knew from the onset that settling in America was going to be a struggle for survival, filled with conflicts, and how fearful they were in this new land filled with savages and wilderness. And for the season it was winter, and they that know the winters of that country know them to be sharp and violent, and subject to cruel and fierce storms, dangerous to travel to known places, much more to search an unknown coast†¦. For summer being done, all things stand upon them with a weather- beaten face, and the whole country, full of woods and thickets, represented a wild and savage hue (â€Å"Early Americas Digital Archive† 2003). William Bradford described the early attempt of colonization in America, as a time of starvation, brutality, fear and hardships. Bradford documented the trials and tribulations of the Puritans in his detailed journal, Of Plymouth Plantation. Another element, religion, is deeply rooted in early American literature as evidenced in A Modell of Christian Charity, a sermon by John Winthrop. Winthrop was a deeply religious man who studied and trained himself into a Puritan. Winthrop sailed to America the Arbella in the spring of 1630, where on board, he composed his sermon, A Model of Christian Charity. Winthrop considered the Massachusetts colonists in a covenant with God and each other, and he wrote: For we must consider that we shall be the City upon a hill. They eyes of all people are upon us, so that if we shall deal falsely with our god in this work we have undertaken, and so cause him to withdraw his present from us, we shall be made a story and a by word through the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and all professors of God’s sake. We shall shame the faces of the ways of God, and all professors for God’s sake. We shall shame the faces of many of God’s worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into Curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are a going (â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity † 2015). The city they established on the hill was based on Christian principles and this new unified colony would be the model for future colonies. John Winthrop states in his sermon that the Puritans have entered into an agreement with God to help each other and show kindness towards one another in this new land. He says that if they don’t honor this agreement, God will punish them and bring devastation to the colony. In regard to the bond of marriage between Him and us, wherein He hath  taken us to be His, after a most strict and peculiar manner, which will make Him the more jealous of our love and obedience. So He tells the people of Israel, you only have I known of all the families of the earth, therefore will I punish you for your transgressions (â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity † 2015). The separation of church and state was another element in early American literature. Roger Williams, a clergyman from England that John Winthrop hailed as a â€Å"godly minister† when Williams came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop offered Williams a job in the Boston church, but Williams declined, feeling that the church was not suitably committed to the worship of God. Williams believed that preventing error in religion was impossible for it required people to interpret God’s law and people would inevitably err (Barry 2012). He felt that government must remove itself from anything that touched upon a human being’s relationship with God. Williams wrote that â€Å"forced worship stincks in God’s nostrils† (Barry 2012). This dispute between Williams and the leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony led to Williams banishment from the colony. Williams brought land from the Narragansett Indians and wrote that â€Å"having, of a sense of God’s merciful providence unto me in my distress, called the place PROVIDENCE, I desired it might be for a shelter for persons distressed for conscience† (Barry 2012). Williams meant religion when he said conscience. (Barry 2012). Williams most famous writing on separation of church and state is found in, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution, for cause of Conscience, Discussed, in A Conference between Truth and Peace, published in 1644. Williams wrote that mixing church and state corrupted the church, and that when one mixes religion and politics, one gets politics (Barry 2012). [W]hen they have opened the gap in the hedge or wall of Separation between the Garden of the Church and the Wildernes of the world, God hath ever broke down the wall it selfe, removed the candlestick and made his Garden a Wildernesse (Barry 2012) Puritan writers regularly cited the Bible in their letters, poems, sermons, and books and they appreciated the writings that worshipped God and warned of evil. The early works of American literature are chronicles of adventure, politics, conflict, struggle and hardships the explorers and Puritans endured as they established new colonies throughout New England. How to cite History of Native Americans in the United States, Papers

Law of Business Organization Capital Maintenance Doctrine

Question: Discuss about the Law of Business Organizationfor Capital Maintenance Doctrine. Answer: The Capital Maintenance Doctrine The capital maintenance doctrine signifies that a limited company is required to keep its capital reserve intact in the best interest of the creditors of the company. The creditors contribute to the capital reserve of the company and their contribution indicates the fact that they are entitled to the repayment of that capital. The reduction in the company capital can reduce the liability of the members and subsequently, the position of the creditors is at risk. The retaining of the capital by the company acts as a guarantee that the creditors shall not be prejudiced. The origin of the doctrine can be traced back in the 19th century. The doctrine was embedded in England and has been enacted through the Companies Act 1985 that has been modified in the Company Act 2006. The Australian legislation has many similarities with the legal framework of several nations such as The United States and The United Kingdom. The capital maintenance doctrine was adopted in the Australian Corporate law after being influenced by the universal application of the principle in the legislation of overseas nations. The doctrine was established in the landmark case of Trevor v. Whitworth where the company bought its own shares and at the time of liquidation of the company, one of its shareholders approached the court for the amount he owed to the company. The court established the rule that the shareholder must be paid and that a company is not permitted to buy its own shares. It was further held in the Aveling Barfords case that when a company winds up, the shareholders of a company should be paid after the payment of the creditors. The capital maintenance rules stipulates: capital reduction; financial assistance; share buy-backs; dividends. The Company Act 2006 states that a company making distributions out of its capital reserves is unlawful. The capital maintenance rules have been incorporated in the Corporations Act 2001 under section 256 A that enables a company to reduce its share capital and buy-back the shares in the best interests of the creditors and the shareholders of the company. The Act stipulates that a company must address any risks involved in its transactions and disclose before the creditors all relevant information to retain a fair balance between the company and its shareholders. The statutory provisions relating to the doctrine have been reformed in the year 1980 in the UK to meet the modern business necessities. The provisions were relaxed to the extent that the company was permitted to buy back or redeem its own shares. In 1998, Australia, the Corporation Act 2001 relaxed the capital maintenance rules under section 256 B where the company was allowed to reduce its capital with due authorization of law. Section 257 A enables the court to buy-back its own shares after the approval of the shareholder and ensuring that the company is able to make payments to its creditors. However, the capital maintenance rules have been subjected to criticisms as it involves time-consuming processes and is expensive. The capital maintenance regime requires further modifications to provide more effective creditor protection.